Date: 18 March	TI: 1030	TO: 1120	Max Depth: 20m
Divers: Eibes, Becky, Sharman, Sylvie

Date: 18 March	TI: 1205	TO: 1255	Max Depth: 22m
Divers: Eibes, Katie, Rebecca, Starrlight

Date: 19 March	TI: 0930	TO: 1020	Max Depth: 24m
Divers: Kitty, Paul, Michel, Orla

Date: 19 March	TI: 1220	TO: 1310	Max Depth: 24m
Divers: Paul, Kitty, Heather, Sharman

The wreck in Discovery Bay sits in a muddy substrate and rises about 3 meters above the surface. The ship has become a popular habitat for anemone fish, which demonstrated their territorial behavior with our divers by nipping at our masks when we came too close to their homes. There were also fields of large urchins scattered throughout the wreck. Most of the fish we saw were small, most likely juveniles. We saw lionfish, three species of  pipefish, cardinal fish, groupers, fusiliers, jacks, gobies, filefish, and all three life stages of harlequin sweetlips. Oysters covering the sides of the ship blended in with the muddy colors of the outskirts of the wreck surrounded by seagrass beds.    

The wreck has proved to be a suitable substrate for coral recruitment. Acropora was the most common coral genus observed on the wreck. Many corals, including Stylophora, Pachyseris, Pocillopora, Seriatorora,  and Acropora, were bleached, especially in the shallow areas. Several anemones were also bleached.

 There were no currents and the visibility was around 7 meters. 

Date: April 3rd	TI: 1055	TO: 1145	Max Depth: 30m
Divers: Starrlight, Eibes, Becky, Orla, Rebecca, Katie

Date: April 3rd	TI: 1215	TO: 1315	Max Depth: 33m
Divers: Paul, Michel, Sharman, Heather, Carol, Kitty

Date: April 3rd	TI: 1615	TO: 1740	Max Depth: 10m
Divers: Michel, Orla

This sea mount in the middle of Milne Bay consisted of a fairly steep slope, almost vertical for the first 15m and then became a gradual slope to the sandy bottom.

This reef system was almost completely dead with 1% hard coral coverage and many rubble patches. The state of the reef is probably due to a recent Crown of Thorns outbreak and repeated anchor damage by dive boats according to a local dive operator, Bob Halstead on 'Talita'.  Most of the dead Acropora tables and other coral colonies have been overgrown by algae and soft coral, however some large Diploastrea colonies and live Galaxea colonies were observed. The dominating soft coral included Xenia, Sarcophyton and palm tree.

There was an abundance of fish life with approximately 1000 small mackerel schooling with deep bodied fusiliers, Spanish mackerel, dogfish tuna, big eye trevally pairing one dark and one white, unicorn fish and surgeonfish, cornet fish, groupers, scrawled filefish, anthias, damselfish, Napoleon wrasse one of which had a small yellow jack swimming with him and spine cheek anemone fish in a red bulb anemone. Also a blue spotted ribbon-tail ray along with a large grey reef shark with 15 small mackerel schooling beneath him, a white tip reef shark resting on the bottom and a blacktip reef shark.

Invertebrates observed included 3 sea cucumbers, 2 nudibranchs, crinoids and many diadem sea urchins.

No current was experienced on any of these dives and visibility was 30m.

Date: March 23rd	TI: 1350	TO: 1435	Max Depth: 20m
Divers: Carol, Michel, Orla, Becky, Sharman

Date: March 23rd	TI: 1530	TO: 1620	Max Depth: 24m
Divers: Starrlight, Katie, Paul, Eibes, Sylvie

Date: March 23rd	TI: 1630	TO: 1720	Max Depth: 20m
Divers: Heather, Michel, Orla, Rebecca, Carol

Date: March 24th	TI: 0830	TO: 0920	Max Depth: 5m
Divers: Heather, Rebecca, Orla, Sylvie, Becky, Katie

Date: March 24th	TI: 1040	TO: 1130	Max Depth: 9m
Divers: Kitty, Paul, Sharman

Date: March 24th	TI: 1320	TO: 1410	Max Depth: 9m
Divers: Heather, Katie, Becky, Orla, Sylvie

Date: March 24th	TI: 1515	TO: 1545	Max Depth: 15m
Divers: Paul, Kitty, Sharman, Rebecca, Starrlight

Date: March 25th	TI: 0830	TO: 0920	Max Depth: 9m
Divers: Paul, Starrlight, Heather, Sharman, Sylvie

Date: March 25th	TI: 0950	TO: 1040	Max Depth: 9m
Divers: Kitty, Katie, Becky, Orla

Date: March 25th	TI: 1120	TO: 1210	Max Depth: 9m
Divers: Paul, Starrlight, Rebecca, Sharman

Date: March 25th	TI: 2010	TO: 2100	Max Depth: 23m
Divers: Paul, Katie, Michel, Orla, Rebecca

Date: March 26th	TI: 0715	TO: 0800	Max Depth: 30m
Divers: Starrlight, Eibes, Carol, Kitty, Sylvie

Date: March 26th	TI: 1110	TO: 1200	Max Depth: 9m
Divers: Heather, Rebecca, Kitty, Sylvie

Date: March 26th	TI: 1355	TO: 1455	Max Depth: 5m
Divers: Paul, Katie, Becky, Starrlight, Carol

Date: March 25th	TI: 1510	TO: 1600	Max Depth: 22m
Divers: Carol, Eibes, Michel, Sharman, Rebecca

The ship has visited this reef before and named it magic spot and we were all pleased to see this truly was still a magic spot! This was also to be the site of our Vitareef study in Papua New Guinea this time.

Most dives made a loop around the relatively small reef patch and then moved up to the shallows and the Vitareef dives were concentrated in a particular area. The composition of this reef was a shallow platform at 4m which sloped down to a sandy bottom at 40m.

Hard coral coverage was 10% in some areas increasing to 100% in other areas.  There was a great diversity of corals particularly Acropora, Seriatopora, Turbanaria and many large Porites heads. The coral was in incredibly good condition, there was only some bleaching on Seriatopora at 10m.  White band disease was seen on a Porites colony and red band disease on Pachyseris and Hydnophora. There were also some significant rubble patches in the shallows. Algae cover consisted of some filamentous and fine branching dichotomous green algae on the reef top with approximately 5% Caulerpa and Halimeda in some areas.

Fish life included 3 white tip reef sharks, one of which was 6ft long.  Schools of 50 midnight snappers, 30 black snappers, 500 blue streak fusiliers, 100 deep-bodied fusiliers, 100 tuna and big eye trevally. A school of 10-20 large bumphead parrotfish were repeatedly seen on several dives.  There were also giant mackerel, batfish, large leopard groupers, cornet fish, many sweetlips including giant, harlequin and oriental, anthias, hawkfish, cardinal fish, coral hinds and Napoleon wrasse.  There was also an interesting blenny diversity on the reef top including Crossosalarias macrospilus (triplespot) and Cirripectes chelamatus (L. musgrave ).  We also sighted a cuttlefish, 2 lobsters, 1 large manta ray just below the surface, an eagle ray, a devil ray and many blue spotted ribbontail rays.

There was a great diversity of soft corals with Lobophytum, Clavularia, Sinularia, Dendronephthya, Sarcophyton and Heteroxenia. Also some red seawhip colonies and seafans.

There was also a great abundance and diversity of invertebrates. Sighted were 4 sea cucumbers - one was a sandfish and another was a metre long.

There were three Tridacna squamosa at 30cm and two at 15cm, two small clams approximately 15cm and one large empty shell on the reef top approximately 40cm .Three nudibranchs all Philidia and Chromodoris, flatworms, sea squirts, spaghetti worms, ascidians and many varieties of sea urchins. There was a  good diversity of sponges including large barrel sponges with 'finger' protrusions all over the sides, vase, encrusting and rope sponges, also some large bright yellow elephant ear sponges. One great find was a trochus snail at 12cm diameter.

The night dive saw many hard and soft  corals with their tentacles out especially Turbinaria. There were many sleeping fish with some parrotfish sleeping in mucous and two juvenile epaulette sharks plus corallivorous snails eating on Porites.

Visibility was generally 10m.  The current varied between dives from no current to a relatively strong current.

Date: March 25th	TI: 0700	TO: 0750	Max Depth: 12m
Divers: Eibes, Michel, Carol

Date: March 25th	TI: 1020	TO: 1110	Max Depth: 15m
Divers: Heather, Orla, Becky, Michel, Eibes

Date: March 25th	TI: 1510	TO: 1610	Max Depth: 20m
Divers: Starrlight, Rebecca, Sylvie, Sharman

Date: March 26th	TI: 1630	TO: 1720	Max Depth: 10m
Divers: Paul, Michel, Orla, Becky, Katie

This reef was aptly named 'the lighthouse' by our crew due to the marker light which is in the middle of this reef and must have been placed with the utmost care because there is no obvious damage from the placement of the mast. This reef had a flat platform top at 10m with some sand and rubble patches and then descended by a steep wall to the depths.

This site was also very diverse.  The dominating corals on the platform top were Acropora and foliaceous Montipora, with Porites dominating the wall. Also worth noting was a lot of Tubastrea across the site. There was 20%  hard coral coverage across the whole site and the main coral condition appeared to be crown of thorns damage.

There was a very high abundance of reef fish - bannerfish, surgeonfish, unicornfish, 2 large pufferfish, 1 crocodilefish, mackerel, several large Napoleon wrasse, trevallies, snappers, hawkfish, jacks, a cuttlefish, 2 white tip reef sharks, cornetfish and yellow goatfish. The wall had many anthias, damselfish, batfish, parrotfish, wrasse and angelfish. On the reef top there were very high numbers of anthias going crazy spawning plus damselfish and chromis feeding. There was also 1 very large pufferfish eating Pachyseris, being quite destructive in her eating habits.

The same two hawksbill turtles were sighted on two dives, one 30 and one 50cm long.  They were not concerned by the divers' presence as they carried on feeding and then moved away slowly to the surface. Between one to eight crown of thorns were seen on each of the four dives here. On the positive side sighted were 6 sea cucumbers, a tritons trumpet at 30cm, 2  giant clams at 30cm, lots of crinoids and brittlestars. There was mainly leather soft coral with patches of 80-100% on top and 10% on the wall - also large sea fans.

We had 2-4 knot currents throughout the dives, varying in strength at different places on the reef.  In some areas there was also a  presence of multiple layers of thermocline and visibility was generally 15m.

Date: March 27th	TI: 2000	TO: 2050	Max Depth: 20m
Divers: Carol, Eibes, Starrlight, Becky, Sylvie

Date: March 28th	TI: 0900	TO: 0945	Max Depth: 37m
Divers: Paul, Eibes, Katie, Sylvie, Sharman, Heather

This reef had a flat profile on top and sloped down to a wall. Hard coral coverage was 10-15% and dominant coral was Acropora and the Fungidae.  Generally the reef was in very good condition. There was some bleaching  over several different genus including Galaxea, Porites, Acropora, Pachyseris, Montipora, Stylophora and Seriatopora. Yellow band disease was also observed along with possible anchor damage in some areas.

There was a healthy fish population in this area with barracuda, dog tooth tuna, trevally, schools of fusiliers, many damsels and anthias. Also groupers, unicornfish, triggerfish and anemonefish.

The reef had approximately a 5% cover of soft coral with many barrel and elephant ear sponges. The reef was home to many diadem sea urchins and a 40cm giant clam was seen.

The night dive saw many corals with their tentacles out, many crinoids, a 10cm crab and a scorpion fish resting on an elephant ear sponge. We also saw 2 white tip reef sharks who were attracted by our flashlights and came within close range, however due to it being a new moon we could only see them when they came in our range of the flashlights so we had no idea where they were at any other time which only added to the adrenaline rush.

No current was present on these dives and the  visibility was 30m on the first dive.

Date: March 28th	TI: 1020	TO: 1120	Max Depth: 22m
Divers: Starrlight, Michel, Orla, Rebecca, Becky

Date: March 28th	TI: 1145	TO: 1235	Max Depth: 25m
Divers: Carol, Michel, Eibes, Sharman, Sylvie

Date: March 28th	TI: 1400	TO: 1500	Max Depth: 10m
Divers: Paul, Kitty, Orla, Becky, Rebecca, Starrlight

Date: March 29th	TI: 0900	TO: 0950	Max Depth: 12m
Divers: Paul, Heather, Kitty, Orla, Starrlight, Rebecca

This was another reef flat which sloped off to a wall. This was one of the most beautiful reefs in terms of hard coral coverage that any of us had ever seen with over 80% cover of hard coral, a picture perfect postcard reef. The reef was full with large tables of Acropora stepping down the wall, large foliaceous Montipora and Pachyseris. It was just exploding with corals.  In the small gaps between corals there were already new colonies competing for space.  It was a spectacular scene to see so many colonies both new and old. There was some bleaching of Galaxea, Porites, Pavona, Pocillopora, Acropora, Pachyseris, Montipora, Seriatopora, Leptoseris and Stylophora.  Most bleaching was at 20m. It was because of these observations that we decided to do 2 bleaching transects on the Chesterfield reef section.  Approximately 40% of the colonies observed were either bleached or partially bleached. This perhaps had a lot to do with the lack of current during the dives as cooler water was not being brought through the reef - temperatures recorded at the closeby ship's anchorage averaged 30 °C. There was evidence of some possible anchor damage in some areas, also some overturned coral colonies, particularly Acropora. We observed an interesting Acropora possibly in the first stages of bleaching where a third of the colony was a fluorescent yellow and two thirds a dark green. 

Fish populations were also good with all the typical reef fish along with black and white and black snapper, 6 large Spanish mackerel and many jacks.  Also a school of 30 great barracuda which we saw from the surface and they began to circle.

Soft coral coverage was 5% with a higher concentration in some patches and included Alaconids, Clavularia, Sarcophyton, Lobophytum, and Dendronephthya. Also observed were 3 Tridacna squamosa 1 at 30cm, 25cm and 10cm, 2 Phyllidia nudibranch, giant barrel sponges, many seafans, sponges and tunicates.

There was no current on these dives and 20m visibility although some areas had more plankton in the water decreasing the visibility.

Date: March 29th	TI: 1020	TO: 1110	Max Depth: 36 m
Divers: Paul, Michel, Carol, Katie, Sharman

Date: March 29th	TI: 1315	TO: 1415	Max Depth: 24 m
Divers: Heather, Eibes, Orla, Starrlight, Sylvie

This area of patch reef had a shallow crest top at 3m and then dropped with a wall to 40m. The hard coral coverage varied at different depths with 70% cover on the crest, 50% between 3-10m and 10-20% at 10-25m. The corals seemed to be more diverse than Chesterfield reef and dominant hard coral included Acropora, Diploastrea, Hydnophora and Montipora on the wall.  The main conditions affecting the coral were bleaching and damage to tissue and skeleton. Bleaching affected Acropora and Pocillopora above 15m, with Pachyseris and Leptoseris being affected at 15-25m. White band disease along with red band disease on an Acropora were also observed. This was another beautiful site with large, practically unblemished colonies and large Acropora plates with some rubble fields on the crest.

Again the abundance of fish was also very good here with all the common reef fish in good numbers. Also observed were 2 schools of approximately 50 barracuda, 5 moray eels, mackerel, dog tooth tuna, black and white snappers, a grey reef, a white tip and a black tip reef shark. Also a large marble grouper at 1m long and a large needlefish jumping out of the water which was seen by the tender.

The soft coral was mainly found on the wall along with sea fans and many sponges including some large barrel sponges. 7 giant clams were observed and their sizes ranged between 10cm and 100cm.

There was a slight current and visibility was 20m

Date: March 31st	TI: 1030	TO: 1145	Max Depth: 6m
Divers: Kitty, Heather, Sharman, Sylvie

Date: March 31st	TI: 1400	TO: 1545	Max Depth: 6m
Divers: Starrlight, Paul, Becky, Katie

Date: March 31st	TI: 1615	TO: 1740	Max Depth: 4m
Divers: Carol, Rebecca, Michel, Orla

Date: April 1st	TI: 1315	TO: 1415	Max Depth: 3m
Divers: Heather, Eibes, Carol, Becky

Date: April 1st	TI: 1445	TO: 1545	Max Depth: 4m
Divers: Paul, Starrlight, Rebecca, Orla, Michel

Date: April 1st	TI: 2030	TO: 2115	Max Depth: 6m
Divers: Heather, Starrlight, Michel, Sharman, Orla

Dobu Island is a volcanic island with hydrogen sulphide bubbling through the volcanic vents underwater. The stones surrounding these vents were in some places too hot to touch and mirages of heat spread across the water.  In certain areas you could hear the rumbles of activity.

This was a patch reef with bommies and fields of seagrass. This was a surprisingly diverse and healthy ecosystem, with lush seagrass beds home to many weird and wonderful creatures. Overall there was less than 5% hard coral coverage, with Porites dominating. The main factors affecting the health of the reef were sedimentation and algae overgrowth on some coral. There was some bleaching of Seriatopora and one case of white band disease but generally corals were healthy. We saw healthy large Acropora fields, large Porites, Platygyra and Lobophyllia colonies.  One Lobophyllia was 3 by 2 metres across.  A diverse population of corals were observed.

There was between 10% and 20% algae cover in some areas including Caulerpa, Enteromorpha, Padina and some less significant macroalgae.

There was a very high abundance of lionfish at this site.  Approximately thirty were observed including 3 different species. In this area we saw most of the common reef fish including fusiliers, damselfish, triggerfish, gobies, lizard fish and cornet fish. Also worth noting were a school of 10 jacks, many reticulated dascyllus, several prawn gobies and a sole in the sand. The anemone fish we saw  included spine cheek and clown fish.    Other fish life observed included a blue spotted ribbontail ray, eagle ray, stingrays and moray eels. Amongst the seagrass were many sandperches, juvenille triggerfish and many unidentified small fish. Also seen was 1 cuttlefish that was so well camouflaged against the sand but after a while it moved away turning a dark brown as he traveled. We came to this area in search of seahorses and cowfish, we knew they were in the area, but we didn't find any.  However we were rewarded with so many other sights of amazing and unusual life forms.

Soft coral coverage was less than 5% mainly of Sarcophyton. There were some very unique unidentified sea cucumbers including 1 2m long retractable, giant clams varying between 10-20cm.  Two of the smaller clams were nestled in a Porites. Also seen were several nudibranchs, flatworms, brittlestars, barrel sponges, starfish, some of which were damaged from the heat of the vents.  There were also cleaner shrimps, many long spined sea urchins, corallivorous snails,1 trochus shell and 2 beautiful tiger cowries still with animals present and  many jellyfish in polyp form.  One 20cm crown of thorns was also seen on a night dive.

There was no current on any dives and  visibility  was approximately 4 meters.

Date: April 10th	TI: 0940	TO: 1020	Max Depth: 25m
Divers: Starrlight, Michel, Katie, Becky, Sharman

Date: April 10th	TI: 1120	TO: 1205	Max Depth: 27m
Divers: Paul, Michel, Orla, Eibes, Heather

These dives took place in the passage of the Shortland reef atoll. The first dive explored the edge of the reef which formed a steep wall from 10 m depth down to about 30 m depth with a sandy bottom. The deeper reef had a hard coral coverage of about 5%, while the shallows had a hard coral coverage of up to 10%. The dominant coral genus was Pachyseris, which formed many large plates. The divers observed many recently dead or turned over Acropora tables. Bleaching was observed on a colony of Pachyseris at about 20 m depth. There was very high soft coral coverage in the shallows made up of sea fans, leather, and palm corals. The fish life at the edge of the reef was overwhelming. The divers encountered a school of more than 500 small tuna, large batfish, Spanish Mackerels, schools of fusiliers, giant Napoleon wrasse, large sweetlips, a 3 meter-long reef shark, groupers of all sizes, and reef fish swimming in and out of the corals. Other observations included about 20 sea cucumbers, one giant clam, and many elephant ear sponges. The visibility was about 10 m and there was a slight current throughout the dive.

The second dive traveled through the large coral bommies at about 20 m depth. The hard coral coverage was 5-15% with the dominant coral genera being Acropora, Tubastrea, and Pachyseris. Overall the corals were in good condition. No bleaching was observed, but white band disease was noticed on a colony of Acropora which had left 95% of it dead. The soft corals were abundant and included many sea fans, leather coral, sea whips, palm coral and Xenia. The algae Halimeda covered about 15% of the reef substrate. Fish observations included five barramundi cod, four large leopard groupers, a humpback grouper, a coral grouper, two large red snappers, anthias, fusiliers, about ten coral hinds and a 2 m-long grey reef shark. The divers observed a huge bubble tentacle sea anemone with 16 anemone fish, a sea cucumber, two giant clams, and crinoids. The visibility was about 10 m and there was very little current.

Overall this area of Shortland Reef seemed to be a healthy reef habitat with corals in good condition, abundant fish life. Keystone invertebrate species such as sea cucumbers and giant clams were also good signs for the reef.  

Date: April 10th	TI: 1340	TO: 1430	Max Depth: 21m
Divers: Kitty, Sharman, Becky, Rebecca, Sylvie

This section of the Shortland reef atoll was booming with life, both above and below the surface. While the divers were submerged, witnessing a high diversity of corals in almost perfect condition, 3 hawksbill turtles, a green turtle, a ray, sharks and plentiful reef fish, the tender in the zodiac observed sea turtles surfacing to breathe and rays and fish jumping. Other sightings by the divers included sea cucumbers, giant clams, elephant ear sponges and lobsters.

The hard coral coverage was about 5% and the reef was also filled with soft corals and filamentous algae. Bleaching was observed on Stylophora at 15 metres, Acropora and Seriatopora at 10 metres. The visibility was about 15 metres, and there was a slight current during the last 10 minutes of the dive.   

Overall, this was a wonderful reef, full of life, colors and activity. The dive was enjoyed thoroughly by all the divers and even the tender!

Date: April 10th	TI: 1500	TO: 1550	Max Depth: 15m
Divers: Starrlight, Michel, Orla, Katie, Carol

This dive ventured off Byron Island to explore the Shortland Reef lagoon floor with coral bommies interspersed on the sandy bottom. The dominant coral genus was Porites. The divers observed a school of about 30 batfish, Napoleon wrasse, fusiliers, a giant porcupine fish, lionfish, giant sweetlips, and many schools of striped catfish. A green turtle with a 50 cm carapace length was sighted on this dive. Three giant clams were also observed. The visibility was less than 10 m, and there was no current.    

Date: April 13th	TI: 1130	TO: 1220	Max Depth: 34m
Divers: Heather, Becky, Sharman, Orla, Michel

Date: April 13th	TI: 1330	TO: 1420	Max Depth: 34m
Divers: Paul, Carol, Starrlight, Eibes, Sylvie

Date: April 13th	TI: 1500	TO: 1545	Max Depth: 34m
Divers: Kitty, Eibes, Michel, Rebecca, Katie

An amazing aspect of this reef was its topography. The steep wall surrounding the shallows is made up of caves, overhangs and large chimney caverns. The activity of the former volcano had created an amazing structure which lit up with the sunlight penetrating through the caverns.

The hard coral coverage was 5-10% on the wall, with the dominant genera being Porites, Acropora and Diploastrea. Although live coral was sparse, they appeared to be in healthy condition. Bleaching was observed on Pachyseris, Seriatopora, Pocillopora, Acropora, Goniastrea and Turbinaria at depths between 3 and 12 metres. Whiteband disease was also observed on Goniastrea and Acropora. The shallows looked very healthy and full of branching and table Acropora growing right up to the surface.

This reef had an especially high abundance of algal growth on the wall. In some areas Halimeda had gained up to 75% coverage. There was also a considerable amount of green and red filamentous algae growth surrounding and sometimes overgrowing the live coral.

The fish life on this reef was diverse and plentiful. The divers saw  whitemargin unicornfish, bignose unicornfish, moustache triggerfish, bluefin trevally, yellowspotted burrfish, longface emperors, bumphead parrotfish, butterflyfish, angelfish, batfish, trumpetfish, a school of about 1000 tessilated fusiliers, anthias, deep reef chromis, reticulated dascyllus, redbanded wrasse, Napoleon wrasse, great barracuda, chevron barracuda, large black snappers and strawberry, flagtail and peacock groupers. The divers also encountered several blue spotted ribbon rays, two white tip reef sharks, two grey reef sharks, and a silvertip reef shark.

A hawksbill turtle of about 75 cm carapace length was observed swimming quickly in the opposite direction of the divers and away from the reef. Another unidentified turtle was observed on another dive.

A single crown of thorns starfish about 50 cm in diameter was seen on this reef. Other invertebrate observations included diadem sea urchins, two giant clams of 15 cm and 30 cm length, several nudibranchs, and one sea cucumber. The soft coral coverage was less than 5% and included lace corals and sea fans.

  The water was crystal clear with a visibility of about 30 meters and there was no current. All in all, the corals were not abundant but the topography kept the divers in awe of a  wonderful structure volcanic force had created.